2.1.8 代词
代词是代替名词或一个句子的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种。
1.逻辑关系
物主代词与其修饰的名词之间通常存在四种逻辑关系:所属关系、主语表语关系、主语谓语关系和动宾关系。除“所属关系”外,物主代词一般应翻译为人称代词。
(1)逻辑关系为所属关系
例句:That is our Free Trade Zone.
译文:那是我们的自由贸易区。
(2)逻辑关系为主语表语关系
这时代词所修饰的名词来自于形容词。
例句1:Light is needed by the green plants(植物)to make photosynthesis happen and they cannot survive for long in its absence.
译文:植物需要光来进行光合作用,不然它们无法生存。
注释:in its absence = without it = if it is absent。
例句2:Carbon(碳)dioxide(二氧化物)and water can absorb(吸收)energy from infrared radiation(IR,红外线辐射). Their presence in the atmosphere makes the earth habitable for life.
译文:二氧化碳和水能从红外线辐射中吸收能量,它们在大气层的存在使得地球适合生命形式居住。
注释:their presence = they are present。
(3)逻辑关系为主语谓语关系
1)当代词修饰的名词来自于不及物动词。
例句1:There is a capacitance(电容)across the PN junction(结)and its existence causes some problems at higher frequencies.
注释:its existence =it exists。
例句2:A basketball that lands(落)in an open(开阔地)soon becomes still(静止)because of its interaction with the ground.
注释:because of its interaction with the ground = because it interacts with the ground
2)当代词修饰的名词来自于及物动词。
例句1:Time tables are very compact(简洁的)in their representation of train information.
注释:representation来自于represent“表示”, of引出了它的逻辑宾语train information。
例句2:So far(到目前为止)our discussion of the principles of physics has been concerned(涉及)primarily(主要)with motion.
(4)逻辑关系为动宾关系
这时代词修饰的名词来自于及物动词,有时也可看成是被动的主谓关系。
例句1:The Laplace transform(拉氏变换)is a very powerful tool that is used to a great extent in engineering. However, the limitation defined by Equation 1 restricts its use in important situations.
例句2:Attention focuses on the compass because of its utilization as an essential component in navigation.
例句3:The result of an experiment forced(迫使)the abandonment(放弃)of the traditional model and its replacement by a new model.
2.代词的代后功能
英语中的代词有代后功能,即用it, its, they, their, our等代词代替后面出现的东西。
(1)英语中的代词代替后面的主语
例句1 :When they get hot, all plastics melt(熔化).
例句2:Because of its simplicity, the circuit is widely used in TV.
例句3:In their study of electricity, physicists defined the electric field intensity(电场强度)as E = Force/Charge.
(2)句子中的代词代替后面整个句子
例句1:It can not be proved here, but humans are better than other forms of life in universe.
例句2:Surprising as it may seem, this was the first direct verification of the reality of atoms.
例句3:Strange as it may seem at first, ants communicate by sending“messages”(消息)to one another.
例句4:I would appreciate it a lot if you could give her a chance to join your team.