胰腺影像学
上QQ阅读APP看书,第一时间看更新

第四节 胰腺的基本病变及其影像学表现

一、胰腺形态改变

胰腺的病变会引起胰腺形态的多种异常改变,可以表现为胰腺外形的肿胀、萎缩、局部隆起等。

图1-4-1 胰腺颈体部多房性浆液性囊腺瘤CT图像

A.平扫;B.增强门脉期,显示胰腺颈体部局部隆起的类圆形的低密度肿块影;增强后肿块内斑片样异常强化分隔影,与正常胰腺分界清

图1-4-2 胰体尾部囊肿CT图像

A.平扫显示体尾部形态明显肿大,见大的囊性低密度灶;B.门脉期显示胰体尾部低密度灶无强化,内部囊液密度均匀,与正常胰腺分界清晰

(一)直接征象

胰腺各部比例失调,局部隆起突出,多见于胰腺肿瘤等占位性病变;也可出现于少见的胰腺囊肿、肿块型胰腺炎、胰腺血肿、胰腺先天或后天性发育异常(图1-4-1,图1-4-2)。

胰腺肿大、丰满,胰腺弥漫性肿胀多见于急性胰腺炎,也可见于自身免疫性胰腺炎;胰腺局限性的肿大、丰满可见于胰腺肿瘤等占位性病灶,也可出现在局限性肿块型胰腺炎(图1-4-3,图1-4-4)。

图1-4-3 急性胰腺炎CT平扫图像

胰腺体积增大,密度均匀减低,边缘轮廓模糊,周围脂肪间隙消失,胰体尾部周围并见大量液体渗出影

胰腺萎缩,全部胰腺萎缩多见于慢性胰腺炎引起的胰腺缩小改变,也可以是老年人的胰腺退行性改变;胰腺的局部萎缩,多见于肿瘤等占位性病变引起的远端胰腺改变(图1-4-5,图1-4-6)。

图1-4-4 胰头腺癌CT图像

A.平扫;B.门脉期轴位;C.冠状位重建显示平扫胰腺头形态饱满,密度尚均匀,邻近十二指肠略受压;增强胰头部见弱强化的低密度肿块影,与正常胰腺分界不清

图1-4-5 慢性胰腺炎

A、B.CT平扫

图1-4-5(续)

C.增强斜冠状位重建;D.MRCP,显示胰腺实质萎缩,体积明显减小,胰管扩张明显,胰腺内见多发斑片钙化灶,胰管内见结石,胰周脂肪间隙存在;增强:胰腺实质均匀一致强化,未见异常密度病变;MRCP显示扩张的胰管及胰管内的结石

图1-4-6 胰体腺癌CT图像

A.平扫;B.动脉期;C.门脉期,显示胰体部局部密度略减低,胰尾部实质萎缩,胰管扩张;增强呈轻度强化,相对强化的胰腺实质呈低密度,与正常胰腺分界不清

胰腺边缘毛糙、模糊不清,多见于急性胰腺炎,也可见于周围器官或者腹腔内的病变累及胰腺(图1-4-7)。

图1-4-7 急性胰腺炎CT平扫图像

胰腺形态密度尚可,边缘轮廓模糊,周围脂肪间隙密度增高

(二)间接征象

上消化道造影检查能提示胰腺疾病造成的胰腺周围消化道的继发性改变,如十二指肠环扩大、郁张、结肠截断征(colon cut-off sign)、胃结肠间距增大等。

二、胰腺实质异常

胰腺的囊性病灶(包括各类囊肿、坏死灶、囊性肿瘤等),在超声上多呈液性无回声灶,在CT上呈水样低密度灶,增强扫描囊性区域不强化,部分囊性肿瘤的囊壁和间隔强化;在MRI上,囊性病变一般为T1W呈低信号,T2W呈高信号,胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤在T1WI因为囊内黏液成分的不同偶可呈高信号。增强扫描囊性区域不强化,部分囊性肿瘤的囊壁和间隔强化(图1-4-2,图1-4-8)。

图1-4-8 胰颈体交界区浆液性囊腺瘤CT图像

A.平扫;B.动脉期;C.门脉期,显示颈体交界区一枚类圆形低密度灶,增强无强化,内部囊液密度均匀,与正常胰腺分界清晰

胰管内结石或胰腺内钙化灶、胰腺内出血灶在CT上呈高或稍高密度,结石在超声上表现为强回声伴声影,而在MRI则为无信号灶或低信号灶(图1-4-5)。出血灶在MRI信号随时间变化较大,T1W、T2W均可以表现为低信号、高信号和高低混杂信号(图1-4-9)。

胰腺的实性占位(包括原发和转移性肿瘤),在超声上一般呈稍低回声,可不均匀,在CT上,胰腺癌基本上为乏血供,无明显强化的低密度灶(图1-4-4,图1-4-6,图1-4-10),而神经内分泌肿瘤如胰岛细胞瘤等常为富血供、强化明显;在MRI上各序列呈软组织信号,与周围正常胰腺组织存在信号差别,尤以T2WI明显,增强MRI可以有类似表现(图1-4-11)。

图1-4-9 胰体部实性假乳头状瘤伴瘤内出血MRI图像

A.抑脂T2WI;B.T1WI;C.增强动脉期;D.增强静脉期冠状位,显示胰体部一枚异常信号肿块影,信号不均匀,周边部分T2WI高信号、T1WI低信号,内部见类圆形T2W低信号、T1WI高信号区,增强周边部分明显强化,内部未见强化,与正常胰腺分界清晰

图1-4-10 胰体部神经内分泌肿瘤(G1)CT图像

A.平扫;B.动脉期

图1-4-10(续)

C.门脉期;D.冠状位重建,显示胰体部一枚类圆形等密度灶,内见斑点钙化灶,增强呈明显持续均匀强化,与正常胰腺分界清晰

图1-4-11 胰体部神经内分泌肿瘤(G1)MR图像(与图1-4-10为同一患者)

A.抑脂T2W;B.T1W;C.增强动脉期;D.增强静脉期冠状位,显示胰体部一枚异常信号肿块影,信号尚均匀,T2W呈略低信号、T1W低信号,增强明显持续强化,内部见点状未强化影(对应CT图像的钙化灶),与正常胰腺分界清晰

图1-4-12 胰头腺癌

A.CT增强动脉期冠状位重建;B.MRCP,显示胰头部一枚巨大的弱强化的肿块,远端胰管明显扩张,胆总管远端受压,略扩张

图1-4-13 慢性胰腺炎CT图像

A.平扫;B.增强静脉期;C.曲面重建;D.斜冠状位重建,显示胰腺实质略萎缩,胰管明显不均匀扩张,胰腺实质均匀一致强化,未见异常密度病变

三、胰管管径改变

胰腺肿瘤(特别是胰腺癌)、慢性胰腺炎可造成不同程度的胰管扩张,前者胰管扩张呈较均匀,在肿瘤发生处常有胰管的狭窄,甚至截断,后者多为节段性扩张与狭窄交替,呈串珠样改变,且扩张的胰管内常伴有结石(图1-4-12,图1-4-13)。

发生于胰管的导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤因为具有分泌功能,且与胰管相通,会引起明显的胰管扩张(图1-4-14)。

图1-4-14 胰尾部导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤(局部交界性)CT图像

A.平扫;B.增强动脉期;C.增强静脉期;D.曲面重建,显示胰尾部一枚不规则囊性低密度灶,内部囊液密度均匀,与胰管相通,胰管略扩张,增强囊壁明显强化,囊内无强化

慢性肿块型胰腺炎或自身免疫性胰腺炎局部肿块形成时,会造成肿块邻近的胰管受压变窄,多为管径逐渐变细,呈“鼠尾样”狭窄,同时伴有远端胰管的轻度扩张(图1-4-15)。

图1-4-15 自身免疫性胰腺炎(肿块型)

A、B.CT增强静脉期,胰头颈部见一枚巨大的类圆形明显均匀强化的肿块,远端胰体部胰管局部略扩张;C.T1W;D.增强静脉期冠状位;E.MRCP,显示肿块T1W低信号,增强明显均匀强化,胰体部胰管局部略扩张,胆总管及胆囊管略扩张,胆囊饱满;F.治疗3个月后图像,显示肿块消失

(冯京生 缪语 夏璐 姚纬艳 展颖 林艳艳 林晓珠 尹其华 王伟 席云 徐学勤 王明亮 吴志远 方一 潘杰 史红媛 詹维伟 龚彪 李彪 袁耀宗 缪飞)

参考文献

1.柏树令,应大君.系统解剖学.第7版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2008.

2.高山,丁祥武,王玮,等.超声内镜对胃异位胰腺的诊断及治疗价值.临床消化病杂志,2012,24(3):162-164.

3.高英茂,李和.组织学与胚胎学.北京:人民卫生出版社,2010.

4.龚标,王伟.慢性胰腺炎理论与实践.北京:人民卫生出版社,2012.

5.关志伟,王瑞民,刘长滨,等.胰腺外病变在18F-FDG PET/CT诊断胰腺癌中的价值.中国临床医学影像杂志,2011,22(5):324-336.

6.姜旭生,徐克森,李占元,等.胰岛素瘤的定位诊断和外科治疗.中华肝胆外科杂志,2003,9(8):499-500.

7.李桂源.生理学.第2版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2013.

8.李玉林.病理学.第8版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2013.

9.林艳艳,詹维伟,周建桥,等.术中超声在胰岛素瘤手术中的应用价值.诊断学理论与实践,2008,7(3):300-303.

10.刘龙.声脉冲辐射力成像技术的临床研究进展.中国医学影像技术,2011,27(6):1287-1290.

11.王大龙,于丽娟,王欣,等.胰腺癌18F-FDG PET/CT显像及诊断方法.中国医学影像技术,2011,27(1):103-107.

12.王怀经,赵玲辉.局部解剖学.北京:人民卫生出版社,2005.

13.魏莹,于晓玲,梁萍,等.超声造影引导经皮穿刺活检诊断胰腺占位性病变.中国介入影像与治疗学,2013,10(3):159-162.

14.吴春华,李凤华,方华,等.超声造影在胰腺癌可切除性评估中的价值.上海交通大学学报(医学版),2010,30(10):1217-1220.

15.吴涛,苏中振,郑荣琴,等.常规超声、胃肠水对比超声、双重对比超声造影显示壶腹周围癌的比较.中华医学超声杂志,2010,7(12):2075-2081.

16.夏璐.超声内镜对胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤的诊断价值.诊断学理论与实践,2012,11(5):437-440.

17.谢娟,吴蓉,姚明华.声触诊组织定量技术测量胰腺弹性的初步研究.同济大学学报(医学版),2012,33(6):90-94.

18.许尔蛟,谢晓燕,徐辉雄,等.胰腺实性局灶性病变超声造影与增强CT的对照研究.中华超声影像学杂志,2008,17(9):768-772.

19.姚泰.生理学.第2版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2010.

20.于晓玲,梁萍,董宝玮,等.超声造影诊断胰腺局灶性病变的诊断价值.中国医学影像学杂志,2008,16(3):170-173.

21.曾水林,陆澄,杨鹏,等.胰头后面神经分布的应用解剖学研究.东南大学学报,2006,25(1):20-23.

22.赵玉沛.胰腺病学.北京:人民卫生出版社,2007.

23.周康荣,严福华,曾蒙苏.腹部CT诊断学.上海:复旦大学出版社,2011.

24.Ahmad NA,Lewis JD,Ginsberg GG,et al.EUS in preoperative staging of pancreatic cancer.Gastrointest Endosc,2000,52(4):463- 468.

25.Benedetto Mangiavillano,Silvia Carrara,Maria Chiara Petrone,et al.Ascaris lumbricoides-Induced Acute Pancreatitis:Diagnosis during EUS for a Suspected Small Pancreatic Tumor.JOP,2009,10(5):570-572.

26.Biancone L,Crich SG,Cantaluppi V,et al.Magnetic resonance imaging of gadolinium-labeled pancreatic islets for experimental transplantation.NMR Biomed,2007,20(1):40-48.

27.D.Shetty,G.Bhatnagar,H.S.Sidhu,et al.The increasing role of endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)in the management of pancreatic and biliary disease.Clinical Radiology,2013,68(4):323-335.

28.Ferrone CR,Pieretti-Vanmarcke R,Bloom JP,et al.Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma:long-term survival does not equal cure.Surgery,2012,152(3 Suppl 1):43-49.

29.Fisher WE.The promise of a personalized genomic approach to pancreatic cancer and why targeted therapies have missed the mark.World J Surg,2011,35(8):1766-1769.

30.Fleischmann D,Kamaya A.Optimal vascular and parenchymal contrast enhancement:the current state of the art.Radiologic clinics of North America,2009,47(1):13-26.

31.Freeman HJ.Pancreatic endocrine and exocrine changes in celiac disease.World J Gastroenterol,2007,13(47):6344-6346.

32.Forsmark CE.Management of chronic pancreatitis.Gastroenterology,2013,144(6):1282-1291.

33.FrossardJL,Steer ML,Pastor CM.Acute pancreatitis.Lancet,2008,371(9607):143-152.

34.O’Reilly EM,Lowery MA.Postresection surveillance for pancreatic cancer performance status,imaging,and serum markers.Cancer J,2012,18(6):609-613.

35.Gallotti A,D’Onofrio M,Pozzi R.Acoustic radiation force impulse(ARFI)technique in ultrasound with virtual touch tissue quantification of the upper abdomen.Radiol Med,2011,115(6):889-897.

36.Gimi B,Leoni L,Oberholzer J,et al.Functional MR microimaging of pancreatic beta-cell activation.Cell Transplant,2006,15(2):195-203.

37.Goertz RS,Amann K,Heide R,et a1.An abdominal and thyroid status with Acoustic Radimion Force Impulse Elastometry—a feasibility study:acoustic radiation force impulse elasmmetry of human organs.Eur J Radiol,2011,80(3):226-230.

38.Gusmini S,Nicoletti R,Martinenghi C,et al.Arterial vs pancreatic phase:which is the best choice in the evaluation of pancreatic endocrine tumours with multidetector computed tomography(MDCT)? La Radiologia medica,2007,112(7):999-1012.

39.Hadjivassiliou V,Green MH,Green IC.Immunomagnetic purification of beta cells from rat slets of Langerhans.Diabetologia,2000,43(9):1170-1177.

40.Hampe CS,Wallen AR,Schlosser M,et al.Quantitative evaluation of a monoclonal antibody and its fragment as potential markers for pancreatic beta cell mass.Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes,2005,113(7):381-387.

41.Hongo N,Mori H,Matsumoto S,et al.Anatomical variations of peripancreatic veins and their intrapancreatic tributaries:multidetector-row CT scanning.Abdom Imaging,2010,35(2):143-153.

42.Hu SL,Yang ZY,Zhou ZR,et al.Role of SUV(max)obtained by 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with a solitary pancreatic lesion:predicting malignant potential and proliferation.Nuclear medicine communications,2013,34(6):533-539.

43.Ichikawa T,Erturk SM,Sou H,et al.MDCT of pancreatic adenocarcinoma:optimal imaging phases and multiplanar reformatted imaging.AJR American journal of roentgenology,2006,187(6):1513-1520.

44.Jemal A,Tiwari RC,Murray T,et al.Cancer statistics.CA Cancer J Clin,2004,54(1):8-29.

45.Kamisawa T,Chari ST,Lerch MM,et al.Recent advances in autoimmune pancreatitis:type 1 and type 2.Gut,2013,62(9):1373-1380.

46.Kamisawa T,Okamoto A.Pancreatographic investigation of pancreatic duct system and pancreaticobiliary malformation.J Anat,2008,212(2):125-134.

47.Kamisawa T,Takuma K,Egawa N,et al.A new embryological theory of the pancreatic duct system.Dig Surg,2010,27(2):132-136.

48.Keith L Moor.The developing Human.7th ed.Philadelphia:Elsevier,2003.

49.Kierzenbaum AL.Histology and Cell Biology.2nd edition.New York:Mosby,2007.

50.Kim YK,Ko SW,Kim CS,et al.Effectiveness of MR imaging for diagnosing the mild forms of acute pancreatitis:comparison with MDCT.J Magn Reson Imaging,2006,24(6):1342-1349.

51.Kimura W.Anatomy of the head of the pancreas and various limited resection procedures for intraductal papillary-mucinous tumors of the pancreas.Nihon Geka Gakkai Zasshi,2003,104(6):460-470.

52.Kimura W.Surgical anatomy of the pancreas for limited resection.J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg,2000,7(5):473-479.

53.Kondo H,Kanematsu M,Goshima S,et al.MDCT of the pancreas:optimizing scanning delay with a bolus-tracking technique for pancreatic,peripancreatic vascular,and hepatic contrast enhancement.AJR American journal of roentgenology,2007,188(3):751-756.

54.Kwon Y,Park HS,Kim YJ,et al.Multidetector row computed tomography of acute pancreatitis:Utility of single portal phase CT scan in short-term follow up.European journal of radiology,2012,81(8):1728-1734.

55.Larghi A,Capurso G,Carnuccio A,et al.Ki-67 grading of nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors on histologic samples obtained by EUS-guided fine-needle tissue acquisition:a prospective study.Gastrointest Endosc,2012,76(3):570-577.

56.Lennon AM,Newman N,Makary MA,et al.EUS-guided tattooing before laparoscopic distal pancreatic resection(with video).Gastrointest Endosc,2010,72(5):1089-1094.

57.Maconi G,Radice E,Bareggi E,et al.Hydrosonography of the gastrointestinal tract.AJR Am J Roentgenol,2009,193:700-708.

58.McNulty NJ,Francis IR,Platt JF,et al.Multi-detector row helical CT of the pancreas:effect of contrast-enhanced multiphasic imaging on enhancement of the pancreas,peripancreatic vasculature,and pancreatic adenocarcinoma.Radiology,2001,220(1):97-102.

59.M.D’Onofrio,G.Zamboni,N.Faccioli,et al.Ultrasonography of pancreas:Contrast-enhanced imaging.Abdom Imaging,2007,32:171-181.

60.Modlin IM,Gustafsson BI,Moss SF,et al.Chromogranin A-biological function and clinical utility in neuro endocrine tumor disease.Ann Surg Oncol,2010,17(9):2427-2443.

61.Mössner J,Keim V.Pancreatic enzyme therapy.Dtsch Arztebl Int,2010,108(34-35):578-582.

62.Nagamachi S,Nishii R,Wakamatsu H et al.The usefulness of(18)F-FDG PET/MRI fusion image in diagnosing pancreatic tumor:comparison with(18)F-FDG PET/CT.Annals of nuclear medicine,2013,27(6):554-563.

63.Ni XG,Bai XF,Mao YL,et al.The clinical value of serum CEA,CA19-9,and CA242 in the diagnosis and prognosis of pancreatic cancer.Eur J Surg Oncol,2005,31:164-169.

64.Oh HC,Seo DW,Song TJ,et al.Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided ethanol lavage with paclitaxel injection treats patients with pancreatic cysts.Gastroenterology,2011,140(1):172-179.

65.Park do H,Jang JW,Lee SS,et al.EUS-guided biliary drainage with transluminal stenting after failed ERCP:predictors of adverse events and long-term results.Gastrointest Endosc,2011,74(6):1276-1284.

66.Patel KK,Kim MK.Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas:endoscopic diagnosis.Curr Opin Gastroenterol,2008,24(5):638-642.

67.Portela-Gomes GM,Grimelius L,Stridsberg M.Immunohistochemical and biochemical studies with region-specific antibodies to chromogranins A and B and secretogranins Ⅱ and Ⅲ in neuroendocrine tumors.Cell Mol Neurobiol,2010,30(8):1147-1153.

68.Poruk KE,Gay DZ,Brown K,et al.The clinical utility of CA 19-9 in pancreatic adenocarcinoma:diagnostic and prognostic updates.Curr Mol Med,2013,13(3):340-351.

69.Rickes S,Monkemuller K,Malfertheiner P.Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the diagnosis of pancreatic tumors.J Pancreas,2006,7:584-592.

70.Rindi G,Arnold R,Bosman FT,et al.Nomenclature and classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive system.Bosman FT,Carneiro F,Hruban RH,et al.WHO classification of tumors of the digestive system.Lyon:IARC,2010.

71.Samli KN,McGuire MJ,Newgard CB,et al.Peptide-mediated targeting of the islets of Langerhans.Diabetes,2005,54(7):2103-2108.

72.Singh S,Tang SJ,Sreenarasimhaiah J,et al.The clinical utility and limitations of serum carbohydrate antigen(CA19-9)as a diagnostic tool for pancreatic cancer and cholangiocarcinoma.Dig Dis Sci,2011,56(8):2491-2496.

73.Slesak B,Harlozinska-Szmyrka A,Knast W,et al.Tissue polypeptide specific antigen(TPS),a marker for differentiation between pancreatic carcinoma and chronic pancreatitis.A comparative study with CA 19-9.Cancer,2000,89:83-88.

74.Sperti C,Pasquali C,Chierichetti F,et al.18-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in predicting survival of patients with pancreatic carcinoma.Journal of gastrointestinal surgery:official journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract,2003,7(8):953-959;discussion 959-960.

75.Susan Stanring.GRAY’S Anatomy.40th ed.Elsevier,2008.

76.Syed AB,Mahal RS,Schumm LP,et al.Pancreas size and volume on computed tomography in normal adults.Pancreas,2012,41(4):589-595.

77.Tai JH,Foster P,Rosales A,et al.Imaging islets labeled with magnetic nanoparticles at 1.5 Tesla.Diabetes,2006,55(11):2931-2938.

78.Tatsumi M,Isohashi K,Onishi H et al.18F-FDG PET/MRI fusion in characterizing pancreatic tumors:comparison to PET/CT.International journal of clinical oncology,2011,16(4):408-415.

79.Todd H.Baron,Richard Kozarek,David Leslie Carr-Locke.ERCP.Elsevier Health Sciences,2007.

80.Uehida H,Hirooka Y Itoh A,et a1.Feasibility of tissue elastography using transcutaneous ultrasonography for the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases.Pancreas,2009,38(1):17-22

81.Wang P,Schuetz C,Ross A,et al.Immune rejection after pancreatic islet cell transplantation:in vivo dual contrast-enhanced MR imaging in a mouse model.Radiology,2013,266(3):822-830.

82.Wiechowska-Kozlowska A,Boer K,Wójcicki M,et al.The efficacy and safety of endoscopic ultrasound-guided celiac plexus neurolysis for treatment of pain in patients with pancreatic cancer.Gastroenterol Res Prac,2012,2012:1-5.

83.Yashima Y,Sasahira N,Isayama H.Acoustic radiation force impulse elastography for noninvasive assessment of chronic pancreatitis.J Gastroenterol,2012,47(4):427-432.

84.Yi SQ,Ohta T,Miwa K,et al,Surgical anatomy of the innervation of the major duodenal papilla in human and Suncus murinus,from the perspective of preserving innervation in organ-saving procedures.Pancreas,2005,30(3):211-217.

85.Zimny M,Fass J,Bares R,et al.Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and the prognosis of pancreatic carcinoma.Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology,2000,35(8):883-888.