参考文献

1.STRAUS S，GLASZIOU P，RICHARDSON WS，et al.Evidence-Based Medicine：How to Practice and Teach EBM［M］.5th ed.Amsterdam：Elsevier，2018.

2.李幼平.实用循证医学［M］.北京：人民卫生出版社，2018.

3.HEBERT PC，WELLS G，BLAJCHMAN MA，et al.A multicenter，randomized，controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care.Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Investigators，Canadian Critical Care Trials Group［J］.N Engl J Med.1999，340（6）：409-417.

4.LACROIX J，HEBERT PC，HUTCHISON JS，et al.Transfusion strategies for patients in pediatric intensive care units［J］.N Engl J Med.2007，356（16）：1609-1619.

5.HAJJAR LA，VINCENT JL，GALAS FR，et al.Transfusion requirements after cardiac surgery：the TRACS randomized controlled trial［J］.JAMA.2010，304（14）：1559-1567.

6.CARSON JL，TERRIN ML，NOVECK H，et al.Liberal or restrictive transfusion in high-risk patients after hip surgery［J］.N Engl J Med.2011，365（26）：2453-2462.

7.VILLANUEVA C，COLOMO A，BOSCH A，et al.Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding［J］.N Engl J Med.2013，368（1）：11-21.

8.HOLST LB，HAASE N，WETTERSLEV J，et al.Lower versus higher hemoglobin threshold for transfusion in septic shock［J］.N Engl J Med.2014，371（15）：1381-1391.

9.ROBERTSON CS，HANNAY HJ，YAMAL JM，et al.Effect of erythropoietin and transfusion threshold on neurological recovery after traumatic brain injury：a randomized clinical trial［J］.JAMA.2014，312（1）：36-47.

10.MURPHY GJ，PIKE K，ROGERS CA，et al.Liberal or restrictive transfusion after cardiac surgery［J］.N Engl J Med.2015，372（11）：997-1008.

11.ANTHES E.Evidence-based medicine：Save blood，save lives［J］.Nature.2015，520（7545）：24-26.

12.MURPHY MF，ROBERTS DJ，YAZER MH.Practical Transfusion Medicine［M］.5th ed.Oxford：Wiley-Blackwell，2017.

13.DOCHERTY AB，O'DONNELL R，BRUNSKILL S，et al.Effect of restrictive versus liberal transfusion strategies on outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease in a non-cardiac surgery setting：systematic review and meta-analysis［J］.BMJ.2016，352：i1351.

14.MUELLER MM，VAN REMOORTEL H，MEYBOHM P，et al.Patient Blood Management：Recommendations From the 2018 Frankfurt Consensus Conference［J］.JAMA.2019，321（10）：983-997.

15.孙鑫，谭婧，唐立，等.重新认识真实世界研究.中国循证医学杂志［J］.2017，17（2）：126-130.

16.WHITLOCK EL，KIM H，AUERBACH AD.Harms associated with single unit perioperative transfusion：retrospective population based analysis［J］.BMJ.2015，350：h3037.